Bitcoin’s market “plumbing” is now owned by these major banks that are controlling the price action

The crypto market in 2025 looked nothing like it did in 2021. No parabolic rallies, no Reddit threads going vertical, no NFT floor prices exploding, Google Trends stayed quiet.

Instead, the dominant crypto narrative of 2025 was written in 13F filings, custody agreements, and tokenized Treasury flows.

BlackRock’s spot Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) held 776,100 BTC as of Dec. 22, JPMorgan launched a tokenized money market fund seeded with $100 million, and Broadridge processed $7.4 trillion in tokenized repo transactions in November, up 466% year-over-year.

The retail mania that defined the last cycle vanished, replaced by Wall Street taking custody of the asset class.

ETFs became the gateway

Crypto exposure for pensions, registered investment advisors, and corporate treasuries now flows primarily through ETFs rather than spot exchanges.

A recent CoinShares report noted that crypto ETPs pulled in about $46.7 billion in year-to-date net inflows as of Dec. 18.

Bitbo data shows US spot Bitcoin ETFs hold 1.3 million BTC, equivalent to $115.4 billion in assets under management and 6.2% of Bitcoin’s circulating supply.

BlackRock’s IBIT dominates. With $66 billion in AUM and 776,100 BTC, the fund represents over half the US spot Bitcoin ETF market.

That is not a retail product, it is a vehicle designed for asset allocators who need regulatory wrappers and daily NAV reporting without touching private keys.

Daily price coverage reflects this shift. In early December, reports framed Bitcoin’s grind back toward $90,000 almost entirely through ETF flows and volatility, not Coinbase retail volumes or Binance perpetual liquidations.

Weekly flow notes track ETF inflows as a key macro signal, just as bond and equity ETFs do.

A Banque de France paper used SEC 13F filings to analyze how US institutions have accumulated BTC and ETH exposure via ETFs, the sort of central bank research note written when an asset class moves from “weird” to “systemically relevant.”

Trading volumes went institutional

Funds and market-making firms increasingly dominate centralized exchange order books. Nansen’s analysis found that institutional clients accounted for nearly 80% of total CEX trading volume in 2025.

Bitget reported that institutions accounted for 80% of its volume by September, up from 39% in January, and that it averaged about $750 billion in monthly trading.

Surveys confirmed the pattern. An EY-Coinbase survey found 83% of respondents plan to increase crypto allocations in 2025, with 59% expecting to allocate more than 5% of AUM.

AIMA’s hedge fund report showed 55% of traditional hedge funds now have digital asset exposure, up from 47% a year earlier. Statistically, most trading and the marginal new buyer in 2025 are institutional.

Banks built the pipes

The infrastructure layer is now owned by big banks rather than crypto-native firms.

Galaxy Research flagged 2025 as the year when BNY Mellon, State Street, JPMorgan, and Citi moved from pilots to live digital asset services, bringing more than $12 trillion in AUM worth of client relationships into the market.

JPMorgan launched MONY, a tokenized money market fund whose shares exist as tokens on Ethereum and can be bought with USDC. Additionally, JPMorgan is evaluating a dedicated crypto trading service for institutional clients, while Morgan Stanley is preparing to offer crypto trading on E*Trade in 2026.

Goldman Sachs and BNY Mellon teamed up to issue tokens representing shares in traditional money market funds.

The US GENIUS Act, signed into law in July, created the first comprehensive federal regime for dollar stablecoins, requiring 100% cash and Treasury backing.

Treasury and the FDIC are writing rules allowing bank subsidiaries to issue stablecoins under that framework. In 2021, “infrastructure” meant offshore exchanges. In 2025, it means FDIC-regulated banks and custody giants.

Capital markets moved onto crypto rails

The big growth area in 2025 was not memecoins, but rather tokenized Treasuries and private credit.
RedStone’s report showed RWA tokenization jumping from about $5 billion in 2022 to more than $24 billion by June 2025, a 380% increase.

BlackRock’s BUIDL, a tokenized US Treasury fund, is now north of $1.74 billion and leads the nearly $9 billion tokenized US treasuries market, according to rwa.xyz. In mid-2025, BUIDL tokens were accepted as collateral on Crypto.com and Deribit, and crypto derivatives traders are literally posting tokenized Treasuries to take risk.

In nearly the same period, Binance partnered with Circle to allow institutional investors to use the money fund USYC as collateral for derivatives.

Broadridge’s repo platform processed $7.4 trillion in tokenized repo transactions in November, up 466% year over year. As of Dec. 19, they had already processed over $6 trillion in repo turnover, according to data from rwa.xyz.

LSEG completed its first fully blockchain-powered fundraising for a private fund. UniCredit issued its first tokenized structured note. The World Economic Forum devoted a 2025 flagship report to asset tokenization, treating it as the “next generation of value exchange.”

What does it mean for the future?

Against all of that institutional build-out, the classic 2021 signals of retail FOMO collapsed.

NFT trading volumes have fallen from nearly $16.5 billion in 2021 to just $2.2 billion in 2025. Google Trends data showed that while searches for “Bitcoin” remained steady, they sat well below 2020-21 mania levels, registering around 24 out of 100 on a five-year view.

The FCA found that fewer UK adults hold crypto, but average ticket sizes are higher. This suggests fewer small gamblers, more “professionalized” users. The price level looked like a bull cycle, but the vibe was not Reddit and Discord, but rather iShares factsheets and 13F filings.

The institutional takeover of 2025 created a crypto market that looks structurally different from any prior cycle: access shifted to ETFs, market microstructure shifted to institutional traders, and infrastructure shifted to banks and custodians.

All of this happened while retail proxies collapsed, with NFT volumes down 87%, Google search interest at generational lows, and fewer small-ticket holders.

The question is whether this institutional dominance is bullish or bearish. Slower, stickier capital from pensions should provide more durable support than leverage-driven retail froth.

Yet, explosive upside depends on reflexive mania, not quarterly rebalancing. What 2025 proved is that crypto can scale without retail mania. Still, it scales into something less volatile, more legible, and entirely controlled by the same institutions that dominate every other asset class.

Whether that’s the maturation the industry needed or the capture it always feared is now the open question.