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Layer2

Layer 2 protocols are secondary frameworks built on top of Layer 1 blockchains to enhance scalability and reduce transaction costs. By utilizing technologies like Optimistic Rollups and ZK-Rollups, L2s like Arbitrum, Optimism, and Base process transactions off-chain before finalizing them on the mainnet. Following the 2026 Ethereum upgrades, L2s have become the primary execution layer for retail users. Stay updated on interoperability, fractal scaling, and the reduction of gas fees across the modular Ethereum roadmap.

214 Articles
Created: 2026/02/02 18:52
Updated: 2026/02/02 18:52
The crypto market fell across the board, with ETH falling below $4,100 at one point. Only the PayFi sector bucked the trend, rising 1.61%.

The crypto market fell across the board, with ETH falling below $4,100 at one point. Only the PayFi sector bucked the trend, rising 1.61%.

PANews reported on September 25th that according to SoSoValue data, all sectors of the crypto market fell today. Ethereum (ETH) fell 1.86% in the 24-hour period, briefly falling below $4,100. Bitcoin (BTC) rose 0.31%, remaining around $112,000. Only the PayFi sector bucked the trend, rising 1.61%. Within the sector, XRP rose 2.14%, and Ultima (ULTIMA) rose 6.55%. In terms of other sectors, the DeFi sector fell 1.02% in 24 hours. Within the sector, Aster (ASTER) rose 8.70%; the Meme sector fell 1.17%, and Pump.fun (PUMP) fell 6.61%; the CeFi sector fell 1.67%, of which Cronos (CRO) fell 5.76%; the Layer1 sector fell 1.91%, and TRON (TRX) was relatively strong, rising 0.15%; the Layer2 sector fell 2.87%, but Hemi (HEMI) rose against the trend by 11.69%.

Author: PANews

2025/09/25

DataFi 101: How Does ZK Actually Protect Data?

DataFi 101: How Does ZK Actually Protect Data?

When people hear “Zero-Knowledge Proof”, the first reaction is almost always the same: it protects my privacy on-chain. ZK is everywhere in Web3, powering privacy chains, identity systems, and even Layer2 scaling. Too often, it’s treated as a silver bullet for anonymity. But anonymity is not the same as privacy protection. The gap lies in how proofs are designed: they hide some facts, but leave others visible. So, before we ask whether ZK protects privacy, we need to ask what it actually secures. What ZK Actually Is Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) are not born from Web3. They come from decades of cryptography research, first proposed in the 1980s as a way for one party (the prover) to convince another (the verifier) that a statement is true, without revealing the underlying information. At its core, ZK is about selective disclosure. It doesn’t make all your data invisible. Instead, it lets you prove just enough to satisfy a condition: “I’m over 18” without exposing my exact birthday. “This account has at least 1 ETH” without showing the balance. “This address provided liquidity for N days” without disclosing all transactions. The original purpose was simple but powerful: enable trust between parties who don’t fully trust each other, while minimizing unnecessary data exposure. “Proving the required condition while concealing personal details”, the logic makes ZK capable of enabling anonymity and shielding sensitive information that does not need to be exposed. With this logic in mind, it becomes clearer why Web3 has embraced ZK, and how it’s applying it today. Why Web3 Embraces ZK Web3 has always been built on open ledgers, where every transaction, balance, and contract state is transparent by default. This transparency is powerful for auditability, but it also creates tension: some users and projects want verifiability without overexposure. Zero-Knowledge Proofs step into that gap. They allow protocols to preserve the credibility of on-chain data while reducing the amount of raw information revealed. In practice, this logic has shaped three main areas of adoption: Privacy-Preserving Protocols Networks such as Zcash or Aztec use ZK to hide transaction details while still keeping the chain valid. The proof confirms that “the math checks out” without exposing sender, receiver, or exact amounts. Identity and Access Projects build ZK-based credentials that let users prove traits without revealing identities. For example, demonstrating membership in a DAO, residency in a country, or eligibility for airdrops — all without handing over personal documents. Scaling and Efficiency Rollups like zkSync and StarkNet rely on ZK proofs to compress hundreds of off-chain transactions into a single validity proof. This keeps Ethereum scalable without sacrificing security or trust. Across these fronts, ZK is not just a niche cryptographic trick. It has become a core enabler of Web3’s ambition: open systems that are secure, verifiable, and less invasive. But here lies the common misconception: adopting ZK doesn’t automatically mean privacy protection. Misconceptions of ZK The rise of Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Web3 has fueled a common narrative: ZK protects privacy. But this assumption blurs the line between what ZK actually protects and what remains exposed. Proofs are powerful, yet selective. They let you prove a condition without revealing the exact detail. For example, you can use ZK to show that your wallet added more than 1,000 USDT into a liquidity pool, without disclosing the precise amount. But here is the problem — the wallet address itself still lives on-chain. Once linked, its broader transaction history, balances, and interactions remain traceable. This same logic applies to DataFi. ZK has an essential role: it allows users to share proofs instead of raw data, ensuring brands can verify “the condition is met” without accessing personal details. For example, a campaign can check that a user purchased from a certain category, or engaged with a protocol for N days, without ever seeing the underlying receipts or wallet logs. But ZK is not a blanket shield. If users rely on a single wallet address to join campaigns or share data, the proof may stay private, yet the address itself continues to leak behavioral patterns — participation frequency, overlaps across different campaigns, or even financial activity. Of course, DataFi isn’t limited to on-chain data. Off-chain records, such as shopping receipts, loyalty memberships, browsing histories, can also be turned into proofs, secured by a combination of ZK, MPC, and TEE. This multi-layer protection ensures raw data never leaves the user’s control. Yet even here, wallet addresses are still the weak point. Proofs don’t reveal their contents, but the act of using a proof does — it shows that an address interacted with certain campaigns or contracts. Over time, these repeated appearances link together into behavioral patterns, allowing others to infer far more than any single proof discloses. Beyond ZK ZK does solve part of the privacy problem. It lets users prove conditions without revealing raw details. But on-chain transparency means a single wallet address can still collapse multiple proofs into a visible behavioral pattern. So, at DataDanceChain, we see wallet addresses as the real bottleneck for privacy. To solve that, we integrate sub-addresses — a design that lets each proof, each interaction, live under its own isolated address. For users, this means campaigns and data shares don’t collapse into a single behavioral profile. With sub-addresses, ZK’s selective disclosure is no longer undermined by address linkage, and it achieves its full privacy-preserving power. DataDance is a consumer chain built for personal data assets. It enables AI to utilize user data while ensuring the privacy of that data. DataDance caters to both individual users and commercial organizations (brands). Through the DataDance Key Derivation Protocol, the network’s nodes achieve multi-layered privacy protection while being EVM-compatible. This ensures absolute data privacy while enabling rights management, data exchange, asset airdrops, and claims. Website: https://datadance.ai/ X (Twitter): https://x.com/DataDanceChain Telegram: https://t.me/datadancechain GitHub: https://github.com/DataDanceChain GitBook: https://datadance.gitbook.io/ddc DataFi 101: How Does ZK Actually Protect Data? was originally published in Coinmonks on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story

Author: Medium

2025/09/24

Coinbase to launch first SGD stablecoin by StraitsX

Coinbase to launch first SGD stablecoin by StraitsX

The post Coinbase to launch first SGD stablecoin by StraitsX appeared on BitcoinEthereumNews.com. Coinbase is partnering with StraitsX to bring the world’s first SGD-backed stablecoin to users on the platform. The token is recognized by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as compliant with the upcoming stablecoin framework. Summary Coinbase will make XSGD, the world’s first SGD-backed stablecoin, available to users on the Base ecosystem. Users will be able to directly exchange Singaporean dollars with XSGD through the platform on a one-to-one ratio. According to a press release sent to crypto.news, XSGD will be available to Coinbase and Coinbase Advanced users starting September 29, 2025 at 19:00 UTC. As part of the initial rollout, XSGD will also be issued on Ethereum Layer2 Chain Base. The token has become the first stablecoin backed by the SGD, which is acknowledged by financial regulators as being compliant with the nation’s upcoming Single Currency Stablecoin regulatory framework. In addition, the partnership between the crypto exchange and the stablecoin-native settlement layer will makes XSGD, the world’s first SGD-backed stablecoin created by StraitsX, accessible through decentralized exchanges on Base (BASE), expanding global financial access beyond existing models. As part of this rollout, the two firms will be launching joint liquidity pools that would allow users to exchange stablecoins across different currencies. One of them includes a XSGD/USDC pool on Aerodrome (AERO), the main liquidity hub on the Base network, with liquidity incentives supported by both Aerodrome and the Base ecosystem. How will Coinbase users access XSGD? Starting from September 29, users will be able to directly convert Singaporean dollars into XSGD stablecoins on a one-to-one ratio through Coinbase and other decentralized exchanges on the Base ecosystem. Users will also be able to exchange different currencies and assets into XSGD through liquidity pools. XSGD will serve as a new fiat-based alternative to the dominating USD-based stablecoins already on the market. The…

Author: BitcoinEthereumNews

2025/09/24

Why Bitcoin Hyper’s Layer-2 Could Make Bitcoin Relevant for Developers & Modern Demands

Why Bitcoin Hyper’s Layer-2 Could Make Bitcoin Relevant for Developers & Modern Demands

Bitcoin is arguably the most popular cryptocurrency in the world. When someone talks about crypto, they’re almost always referring to Bitcoin. $BTC commands around 57% of the total crypto market cap, sitting at $2.52T. Most of the crypto rags-to-riches stories you’ve heard are more often than not attributed to Bitcoin. However, despite all the pomp […]

Author: Bitcoinist

2025/09/23

Vitalik Backs Base Layer‑2, Says “Doing Things the Right Way”

Vitalik Backs Base Layer‑2, Says “Doing Things the Right Way”

The post Vitalik Backs Base Layer‑2, Says “Doing Things the Right Way” appeared on BitcoinEthereumNews.com. Key Notes Vitalik Buterin backed Coinbase’s Base L2, calling it a model for Ethereum scaling. He emphasized that Base is non-custodial and users remain in control of their funds. Coinbase’s legal team rejects claims that L2 sequencers should be treated as exchanges. Ethereum ETH $4 209 24h volatility: 0.1% Market cap: $508.14 B Vol. 24h: $32.68 B co-founder Vitalik Buterin has expressed strong support for Coinbase’s Layer-2 network, Base, calling it a model for how L2 platforms should evolve. Amid concerns around centralization and whether L2 sequencers are similar to exchanges, Buterin argued that Base maintains decentralization while enhancing user experience. Base is doing things the right way: an L2 on top of Ethereum, that uses its centralized features to provide stronger UX features, while still being tied into Ethereum’s decentralized base layer for security. Base does not have custody over your funds, they cannot steal funds or… https://t.co/0EMdThg4gU — vitalik.eth (@VitalikButerin) September 22, 2025 Addressing Misconceptions About Layer-2 Platforms According to Buterin, Base relies on Ethereum’s secure base layer to guarantee non-custodial operation, ensuring that users retain control of their funds at all times. The Ethereum co-founder said: “L2s are non-custodial. They are extensions of Ethereum, not glorified servers. Smart contract logic on Ethereum L1 guarantees that user funds remain under L1 control, preventing theft or censorship by L2 operators.” He stressed that even if an L2 operator were to shut down, users would still be able to withdraw their assets directly through Ethereum. As a result, Base has the industry’s Stage 1 security standards. Regulatory Debate and Coinbase’s Position The existence of Layer-2 protocols has sparked regulatory debates, with US SEC Commissioner Hester Peirce recently citing the potential risks of centralized sequencers functioning like exchanges. Coinbase’s Chief Legal Officer Paul Grewal, however, countered this view, stating that sequencers…

Author: BitcoinEthereumNews

2025/09/23

Godot 4.4 Dev 6 - CollisionShape3D Debug Color Customization and More

Godot 4.4 Dev 6 - CollisionShape3D Debug Color Customization and More

Safety goggles on, people! Features and Quality-of-Life are being integrated at blinding speeds; precautions must be taken to view them head-on.

Author: Hackernoon

2025/09/19

The crypto market rose for three consecutive days, with the GameFi sector rising by more than 5% and BTC breaking through $117,000.

The crypto market rose for three consecutive days, with the GameFi sector rising by more than 5% and BTC breaking through $117,000.

PANews reported on September 19th that, according to SoSoValue data, the crypto market saw three consecutive days of gains. The GameFi sector saw a 24-hour gain of 5.45%. Within the sector, ImmutableX (IMX) surged 26.32%, while GALA and Beam (BEAM) rose 3.74% and 9.14%, respectively. Additionally, Bitcoin (BTC) rose 0.37%, breaking through $117,000, while Ethereum (ETH) fell 0.40%, fluctuating in a narrow range around $4,600. Other sectors with outstanding performance include: the Layer2 sector rose 4.71% in 24 hours. Within the sector, Optimism (OP) and Mantle (MNT) rose 3.93% and 6.33% respectively; the NFT sector rose 2.35%, and Pudgy Penguins (PENGU) rose 3.42%; the DeFi sector rose 1.31%, and Chainlink (LINK) rose 3.25%; the Layer1 sector rose 0.70%, and Avalanche (AVAX) rose 9.14%. In other sectors, the PayFi sector fell 0.20%, but Trust Wallet (TWT) rose against the trend by 19.13%; the CeFi sector fell 0.30%, and ApolloX (APX) rose 30.73%; the Meme sector fell 1.43%, and Pump.fun (PUMP) and MemeCore (M), which had previously risen significantly, fell 10.80% and 12.06% respectively.

Author: PANews

2025/09/19

The crypto market continued to pull back, with the GameFi sector leading the decline by 4.41%, and BTC fluctuating in a narrow range.

The crypto market continued to pull back, with the GameFi sector leading the decline by 4.41%, and BTC fluctuating in a narrow range.

PANews reported on September 16th that, according to SoSoValue data, various sectors of the crypto market experienced a two-day correction. The GameFi sector led the market again with a 4.41% 24-hour decline. Within the sector, ImmutableX (IMX), GALA, and Four (FORM) fell 3.64%, 5.46%, and 6.12%, respectively. Furthermore, Bitcoin (BTC) fell 0.07%, fluctuating in a narrow range around $115,000. Ethereum (ETH) fell 1.93%, remaining around $4,500. In terms of other sectors, the CeFi sector fell 0.98% in 24 hours, of which Cronos (CRO) fell 6.91%; the PayFi sector fell 1.71%, and within the sector, Monero (XMR) rose slightly by 1.45%; the Layer1 sector fell 1.99%, Cardano (ADA) and Sui (SUI) fell 3.28% and 4.84% respectively; the DeFi sector fell 2.47%, but MYX Finance (MYX) and World Liberty Financial (WLFI) rose 0.61% and 3.86% respectively; the Layer2 sector fell 3.51%, Zora (ZORA) and Merlin Chain (MERL) were relatively strong, rising 18.49% and 31.41% respectively; the Meme sector fell 3.77%, and Pump.fun (PUMP) rose 6.75% against the trend.

Author: PANews

2025/09/16

The crypto market fell back across the board, with BTC falling below $115,000 at one point

The crypto market fell back across the board, with BTC falling below $115,000 at one point

PANews reported on September 15th that according to SoSoValue data, all sectors of the crypto market experienced a correction. Bitcoin (BTC) fell 0.49% over the past 24 hours, briefly falling below $115,000. Ethereum (ETH) dropped 1.01%, briefly falling below $4,600 after breaking through $4,700. Furthermore, the GameFi sector led the decline, with a 3.03% drop. Within the sector, ImmutableX (IMX) saw a slight increase of 0.90%, but Four (FORM) plummeted 12.71%. In other sectors, the CeFi sector fell 0.74% in 24 hours, and Hyperliquid (HYPE) fell 2.52%; the Layer2 sector fell 1.48%, but Mantle (MNT) was relatively strong, rising 0.65%; the Layer1 sector fell 1.50%, Solana (SOL) and Cardano (ADA) fell 2.24% and 3.89% respectively; the PayFi sector fell 1.82%, and Monero (XMR) rose 4.44%; the DeFi sector fell 2.21%, and Uniswap (UNI) rose 6.40%; the Meme sector fell 2.85%, and MemeCore (M) and Pump.fun (PUMP) rose 1.15% and 1.66% respectively.

Author: PANews

2025/09/15

Little Pepe vs Pepeto

Little Pepe vs Pepeto

Pepeto is an Ether-based meme coin designed to merge viral meme products with real blockchain products. Pepeto has already raised more than $6.6 million and offers staking rewards at 231% APY. The project is building it as a hub for real meme coin projects, with Phase 2 listings on its own exchange opening soon.

Author: Hackernoon

2025/09/10

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